On this page, we collect the sources we use to compile our formulas.

These include peer-reviewed studies, systematic reviews, and meta-analyses, supplemented with mechanistic literature where relevant.

We try to base our choices as much as possible on scientific literature that aligns with the formula's purpose.

However, this doesn't mean that every individual ingredient has shown a performance effect in randomized trials, meta-analyses, or systematic reviews, or that we always use the exact same dosages as in those studies.

Dosages can vary, sometimes because studies use different formats, contexts, or target groups.

And possibly because the substantiation is not primarily about a direct "performance outcome," but about a plausible physiological role: for example, as a cofactor, building block, or supporting link in processes relevant to the intended purpose.

Think of this list as our evidence file: you can open, read, and compare every source. If new, convincing data becomes available, we will update the list and adjust our substantiation and choices if this better reflects the state of science.

Do you have a question about a specific study or are you missing a relevant source? Let us know!